Activist shareholder

Activist shareholder
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An activist shareholder is a shareholder that uses an equity stake in a corporation to put pressure on its management.[1] The goals of activist shareholders range from financial (increase of shareholder value through changes in corporate policy, financing structure, cost cutting, etc.) to non-financial (disinvestment from particular countries, adoption of environmentally friendly policies, etc.).[2] According to research firm Activist Insight, a total of 922 listed companies globally were publicly subjected to activist demands in 2018, up from 856 in 2017.[3]

A fairly small stake (less than 10% of outstanding shares) may be enough to launch a successful campaign. In comparison, a full takeover bid is a much more costly and difficult undertaking.

The financial form of shareholder activism has gained popularity as management compensation at publicly traded companies and cash balances on corporate balance sheets have risen. Not only are the aggregate dollars invested in the activist asset class continuing to grow, but activists are also generating significant positive attention from mainstream media by taking more sophisticated approaches to identifying their platforms and running their campaigns.[4] Once derided as corporate raiders, shareholder activists are now the recipients of admiration for sparking change in corporate boardrooms, leading to corporate boards developing best practices for responding to shareholder activism.[5] Activists increasingly are transitioning from outside agitators to influential insiders. In fact, some well-established activists were able to secure board seats without running a proxy contest in 2015.[6]

Shareholder activists are making their mark on M&A activity as well – a 2015 survey of corporate development leaders found that 60% of respondents saw shareholder activism affecting transaction activity in their industry.[7] Increasingly, however, the non-financial form of shareholder activism is affecting companies in a range of sectors. Shareholders, often with a comparatively small stake in a company, are seeking to influence the company's environmental and social performance.[8]

Shareholder activism can take any of several forms: proxy battles, publicity campaigns, shareholder resolutions, litigation, and negotiations with management. Daniel Loeb, head of Third Point Management, is notable for his use of sharply written letters directed towards the CEOs of his target companies.

Some of the recent activist investment funds include: California Public Employees' Retirement System (CalPERS),[9] Icahn Management LP, Santa Monica Partners Opportunity Fund LP, State Board of Administration of Florida (SBA),[10][11][12][13] and Relational Investors, LLC.

Due to the Internet, smaller shareholders have also gained an outlet to voice their opinions. In 2005, small MCI Inc. shareholders created an online petition to protest the MCI/Verizon merger.


Contents
1History
2Notable investors
3Notable scholarship
4Performance
5Socially responsible investing
6Research
7See also
8References
9Further reading
History[edit]

Replica of an East Indiaman of the Dutch East India Company/United East Indies Company (VOC).
Further information: Dutch East India Company

The practice of shareholder activism has its roots in the 17th-century Dutch Republic, with pioneering activist shareholders like Isaac Le Maire, a sizeable shareholder of the Dutch East India Company (VOC).[14][15][16][17][18][19]
Notable investors[edit]

During the 1980s, notable activist investors such as Carl Icahn and T. Boone Pickens gained international notoriety and were often perceived as "corporate raiders" for acquiring an equity stake in publicly owned companies, like Icahn's investment in B.F. Goodrich, and then forcing companies to take action to improve value or rid themselves of rebel intruders like Icahn by buying back the raider's investment at a fat premium, often at the expense of the other shareholders.

In an Opalesque TV interview with notable activist investor Phillip Goldstein of Bulldog Investors, Goldstein describes the role of an activist investor as that of a catalyst unlocking value in an underlying security. He goes on to say that the public perception of activist investors has changed, and this image of "corporate raiders" has dissipated.[20]

Notable activist investors:[21][not in citation given]
Isaac Le Maire (1609)
Carl Icahn
Nelson Peltz
Bill Ackman
Daniel Loeb
Barry Rosenstein
Ralph V. Whitworth
Kirk Kerkorian[22]
Warren Lichtenstein
Alexey Navalny
Stephen Mayne
T. Boone Pickens, Jr.
Phillip Goldstein
Theo Botha
David M. Webb
Guy Wyser-Pratte
D. Kyle Cerminara

A list of institutional activist investors in the United States that filed appropriate disclosure forms with the SEC within the most recent 12 months, can be found on Fintel.[23]
Notable scholarship[edit]

New research published at The University of Oxford revisits the assumption that all shareholder activism is the same, characterizing Bill Ackman's activities with Canadian Pacific Railway as paradigmatic of "engaged activism" – which is longer term in nature with correlated benefits to the real economy, as distinct from shorter term "financial activism".[24]
Performance[edit]

Taking an activist approach to public investing may produce returns in excess of those likely to be achieved passively. A 2012 study by Activist Insight showed that the mean annual net return of over 40 activist-focused hedge funds had consistently outperformed the MSCI world index in the years following the global financial crisis in 2008.[25] Activist investing was the top-performing strategy among hedge funds in 2013, with such firms returning, on average, 16.6% while other hedge funds returned 9.5%.[26]
Socially responsible investing[edit]

Organizations such as the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility (ICCR), As You Sow and Ceres use shareholder resolutions, and other means of pressure, to address issues such as sustainability and human rights.
Research[edit]

Shareholder activism directed at both European and American companies has been surging.[27] Numerous[which?] studies try to examine firm characteristics that lead to shareholder activism.[citation needed] A seminal[dubious – discuss][citation needed] work in the field was brought forward by Michael Smith in 1996 in an article published in the Journal of Finance.[28] Researchers also try to understand what makes company a desirable target for an activist investor.[29] Lately,[when?] both scholars and practitioners started using machine learning methodologies to predict both targets and activists.[30]
See also[edit]
Board of directors
Corporate governance
Corporate raid
Proxy statement
Shareholder rebellion
Socially responsible investing
References[edit]

^ Reasonable Investor(s), Boston University Law Review, available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2579510
^ Carried Interest: "Activist Investor Definition" [1]. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
^ "The Activist Investing Annual Review 2019". www.activistinsight.com.
^ Grossman, Richard; Arcano, Stephen. "Navigating Today's Shareholder Activism Landscape". Transaction Advisors. ISSN 2329-9134. Archivedfrom the original on 2014-11-08.
^ Golden, Peter; Richter, Philip; Schwenkel, Robert; Shine, David; Sorkin, John; Weinstein, Gail. "Shareholder Activism in M&A". Transaction Advisors. ISSN 2329-9134. Archived from the original on 2014-11-09.
^ Gerber, Marc. "US Corporate Governance: Have We Crossed the Rubicon". Transaction Advisors. ISSN 2329-9134. Archived from the original on 2016-06-05.
^ Ruggeri, Chris; Kirschner, Ken; Blanchard, Tony. "Corporate Development Strategy: Thriving in your Business Ecosystem". Transaction Advisors. ISSN 2329-9134. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02.
^ Cundill, Gary (2017). "Non-financial shareholder activism: a process model for influencing corporate environmental and social performance". International Journal of Management Reviews. 20 (2): 606–626. doi:10.1111/ijmr.12157.
^ Forbes: "Calpers Votes Against Jamie Dimon, Again" "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-08-23.. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
^ Eric, Finseth (2011). "Shareholder Activism by Public Pension. Funds and the Rights of Dissenting. Employees under the First Amendment" (PDF). Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy. 34 (1): 289–366. Retrieved 28 June2013.[permanent dead link]
^ ProxyDemocracy.org: "FLORIDA SBA" "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2013-06-28. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
^ State Board of Administration: "SBA Corporate Governance Principles & Proxy Voting Guidelines" [2][permanent dead link] Retrieved June 28, 2013.
^ Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation: "Florida SBA Supports Proxy Access and Advisory Firm Transparency" "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-08-01. Retrieved 2013-06-28. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
^ Frentrop, Paul (2009). The First Known Shareholder Activist: The Colorful Life and Times of Isaac le Maire (1559–1624), in Frentrop/Jonker/Davis 2009, 11–26
^ Frentrop, Paul; Jonker, Joost; Davis, S. (ed.), (2009). Shareholder Rights at 400: Commemorating Isaac Le Maire and the First Recorded Expression of Investor Advocacy (The Hague: Remix Business Communications, 2009)
^ Gelderblom, Oscar; De Jong, Abe; Jonker, Joost (2010). Putting Le Maire into Perspective: Business Organization and the Evolution of Corporate Governance in the Dutch Republic, 1590–1610, in J. Koppell, ed., Origins of Shareholder Advocacy. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan)
^ McRitchie, James (6 Oct 2011). "Will UNFI Go Virtual-Only Again? Not if Shareowners Just Say No". CorpGov.net. Archived from the original on 2016-06-25. Retrieved 28 Dec 2016.
^ Mueller, Dennis C. (ed.), (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Capitalism, p. 333. (New York: Oxford University Press)
^ Hansmann, Henry; Pargendler, Mariana (2013). The Evolution of Shareholder Voting Rights: Separation of Ownership and Consumption. (Yale Law Journal, Vol. 123, pp. 100–165, 2014)
^ "Phil Goldstein: The Bulldog's passion for value investing". Opalesque TV. 21 Jan 2011. Retrieved 15 Jul 2018.
^ Carried Interest: "Activist Investors". Retrieved 6 May 2015.
^ "Takeover Bids for Chrysler, GM, Ford" Kirk Kerkorian#Automobile industry. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
^ "Activist Investors – The Complete List". Fintel.io. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
^ Rojas, Claudio. "Eclipse of the Public Corporation Revisited: Concentrated Equity Ownership Theory". The University of Oxford. Archived from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2017. ("A common misconception, that all shareholder activists are focused on short-term returns, is rooted in an antiquated phase in US capital markets history – particularly, the highly opportunistic transactions of 1980’s ‘corporate raiders’. In recent years, however, shareholder activism has noticeably shifted towards longer-term value creation."
^ Activist Insight: "New Shareholder Activist Index Reveals Rewards of Activist Investing" "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-23. Retrieved 2012-12-12.. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
^ Wood, John; Dysart, Theodore. "Assessing the Merits of an Activist Investor's Point of View". Transaction Advisors. ISSN 2329-9134. Archived from the original on 2015-07-23.
^ "20 Places You Should be Sharing Your Content". 2018-06-14.
^ Smith, Michael P. (1996). "Shareholder Activism by Institutional Investors: Evidence from CalPERS". The Journal of Finance. 51: 227–252. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1996.tb05208.x.
^ Logsdon, Jeanne M.; Van Buren, Harry J. (2008). "Justice and Large Corporations". Business & Society. 47 (4): 523–548. doi:10.1177/0007650308316524.
^ "Shareholder Activism: Wir sagen voraus wen es trifft!".
Further reading[edit]
Icahn calls for Time Warner breakup, buyback / CNNMoney.com
Third Point Management's letter to Star Gas CEO, Irik Sevin
Qwest Withdraws from Bidding – Denver Business Journal / MCIpetition.com
Academic Literature Summary
The Rise of Activist Investing and How to Respond
A&M Activist Alert
Predicting Shareholder Activist Targets, Nordantech.com